Causal-comparative research
Causal-comparative research aims to study possible causes of observed outcomes, where both the cause and effect have already occurred. This study examines the possible effects of independent variables on dependent variables, where the researcher cannot manipulate or control the variables and the potential causes. This type of research does not prove causation but rather traces back to what is likely to be the cause.
Characteristics of causal-comparative research.
- It is research that attempts to study the causes or effects of differences in behaviors, groups of people, individuals, or various situations.
- This is research in which the researcher cannot manipulate or control the variables or suspected causes, but instead observes the dependent variables and their subsequent outcomes retrospectively, which are likely to be the causes or independent variables.
- It is a study characterized by investigation and inquiry.
- The independent variable is the variable under study, but it cannot be directly manipulated to test cause and effect such as smoking behaviors or parental income status that affect students’ academic achievement, and etc.
- The study focuses on comparing variables that already have existing differences; therefore, the research can only identify the causes and differences of those variables.
- Study relationships retrospectively, which can lead to experimental research.
Steps in conducting causal-comparative research
There are four main steps in conducting causal-comparative research:
- Identifying the research problem or question: In causal-comparative research, the research questions are often derived from theoretical principles and observations that reveal differences.
- Hypothesis formulation arises from the observed problems and results. Researchers can review various sources, including previous studies and theories, to develop supporting hypotheses.
- The research process, specifically the design phase of causal-comparative research, involves two main types of research designs such as types of variable relationships and comparative group designs.
- Sampling involves selecting groups of participants to compare the significance in summarizing and referencing research findings such as Selecting groups of students with high academic achievement and groups of students with low academic achievement, and etc.
- Data collection occurs after identifying variables that differ among the study groups. The researcher gathers data using various measurement tools, which may include questionnaires or other instruments.
- Data analysis and interpretation: Various statistical tools can be used to analyze the data such as Analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple regression analysis, path analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
- Interpretation of data obtained from data analysis. In this step, the researcher must interpret the results from the analysis to draw conclusions, which is a very important phase. In the interpretation, it is necessary to determine whether the main factors are the variables that show the strongest relationship with the dependent variable. Which factors show the strongest relationship with the dependent variable or outcome? What factors are involved, how much they can impact the other? Which main factors are likely the key causes leading to the observed results.
Advantages of Causal-Comparative Research
- This type of research is suitable for studying problems that cannot be experimentally tested because conducting experimental research would require excessive time and budget.
- This type of research provides broader information than experimental research because it allows for a more comprehensive study of variables.
- In certain cases, causal-comparative research is more appropriate than experimental research, especially when studying situations that require realistic settings.
- Causal-comparative research is appropriate for investigating uncomplicated causal relationships and serves well as an initial research approach, as the data can reveal tendencies in causal associations.
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Limitations of Causal-Comparative Research
- If the researcher lacks knowledge or is not careful during the research process, it may lead to inaccurate research results.
- Drawing conclusions is difficult when there are multiple influential variables.
- Outcomes occurring at various time points may stem from distinct causes, thereby complicating the process of drawing clear conclusions.
- Causal relationships may be intertwined with complex meanings, making it difficult to draw conclusions due to multiple causes.
Therefore, anyone seeking a professional team ready to provide consultation, guidance, and assistance, and to undertake high-quality causal-comparative research on a fair and reasonable price basis, is welcome to contact us.